Nerve Impulses Have Three Interdependent Functions: Communication, Modulation, and Computation

Comprehending the nature of action potentials is fundamental to our understanding functioning nervous systems in general. Here we consider their evolution and describe functions communication, modulation, computation within systems. The ionic mechanisms underlying squid giant axon were first described by Hodgkin Huxley 1952 findings have formed orthodox view how physiological potential functions. However, substantial evidence has now accumulated show that accompanied a synchronized coupled soliton pressure pulse cell membrane, (APPulse). explore interactions between known be associated with potential. Computational models usually it as binary event, but suggest quantum ternary event computational (CAP), whose temporal fixed point threshold, rather than plastic peak used other models. CAP accompanies APPulse Therefore, conclude nerve impulses appear an ensemble three inseparable, interdependent, concurrent states: potential, APPulse, CAP.